festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

Twenty Dollar condition. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. The five ratings were: 1. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . hbbd``b` H? 0 Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. 1 The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). ", 3. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). (p.47). The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. This has many practical implications. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. New York: Harper & Row. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. He did this for one-half hour. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. This is most like which of the following techniques? On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. This is an example of which rule of attraction? According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Oct. 2011. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. Cognitive Dissonance. OP>$O '@n#}  C The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 0000011828 00000 n When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. >> In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Add to folder The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. >> These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. endobj In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. What is the Sacrifice Trap? /Linearized 1.0 _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. Introducing Cram Folders! That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. << Festinger, L. (1957). Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? /Type/Page Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Harry's belief is based on. Control condition. They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION.

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