famous scouts of the old west

Related read: Is Tombstone a True Story? He later became a lawman before settling down in Deadwood, South Dakota where he would soon meet his death. Earp is well known for his role in the infamous shootout at the O.K. 8. He was barely 27 years old, and was thereafter elected to six more terms. Closer to home, this revolver was wielded by Pat Garret, Billy the Kids killer, and was called the Russian because of the large number of units that were sold to Imperial Russia. To them, he appeared the most honest of all Indian traders and a man to be trusted in any emergency. Although Old West history seems to remember Wyatt Earps name in connection with the shootout at the O.K. As a trader, he was a total failure, and many of his companions considered him partially insane, although a brave, warm-hearted, and generous man. Frank Canton, also known as Joe Horner Thacker, was an outlaw and lawman in the Old West. Tilghman was slain in the line of duty in Cromwell, Oklahoma, in 1924. In 1877, Colt produced the first successful double-action revolver that was used in the Old West. For several years, he was in Government employ, guiding army detachments in Indian campaigns. 8. Captain Jack Hays used his unique brand of Texas crime-fighting to bring order to the region. Jackie Joyner-Kersee (born 1962) Jacqueline "Jackie" Joyner-Kersee is a retired American athlete, ranked among the all-time greatest athletes in the women's heptathlon as well as in the women's long jump. He worked as a deputy sheriff before becoming the first sheriff of Lincoln County, where he helped establish peace and order to a region beset by violence and anarchy. The resemblance of John Smith to President Andrew Johnson has been mentioned above. Reeves was a Deputy United States Marshal for almost 30 years and was responsible for apprehending over 3,000 fugitives. Marshal Bill Tilghman, along with two others, Chris Madsen and Heck Thomas, were known as The Three Guardsmen, a name popularized in Old West literature describing the three lawmen who became legendary in their pursuit of many outlaws of the late 19th century. Hickok was an imposing figure, a giant of a man at 6'3 . On June 10, 1888, Bat Masterson, Luke Short, Wyatt Earp, and several of the other gunfighters, posed for a photograph outside the Long Branch Saloon that was cleverly titled, The Dodge City Peace Commission., Related read: 22 Must-See Modern Western Movies from the Last 22 Years. Frontier Scouts included black, native and mixed blood individuals. Garrett was assassinated in 1908 while working as a cop in Dona Ana County, New Mexico. The trigger was usually hidden and then came down when the gun was cocked. Before becoming a rancher and politician, Garrett worked as a cowboy, buffalo hunter, and lawman. The Cibicue Apaches were among the first regular Army Scouts. Gunsmoke and Saddle Leather notes that the Sharp rifle was the one against which other rifles were measured in the Old West. His most important services were rendered as scout and guide during the early surveys for the first transcontinental railroad. This brought the numbers down to; Department of Arizona, 50, Departments of the Dakota, Platte and Missouri, 25 each; Department of Texas, 15, and Departments of the Columbia, 10. Around 1850, he was born in Alabama and raised in Texas. He was born in Missouri in 1854 and grew up in Kansas. This is a list of explorers, trappers, guides, and other frontiersmen known as "Mountain Men". Despite all this, some lawmen of the Old West etched their names in history either because of their heroic actions or their fall from lawman to outlaw. Girl Scouting was founded on March 12, 1912 by Juliette Gordon Low in Savannah, GA. Juliette gathered 18 girls from her cousin's school and broke the conventions of the timereaching across class, cultural, and ethnic boundaries to ensure all girls, including those with so-called disabilities, had a place to grow and develop their leadership skills. He is known as one of the Old Wests most iconic lawmen and a pathfinder for African American law enforcement officials. Called the Paterson because it was manufactured in Paterson, New Jersey, it was much superior than the single shot side arms that had been in existence prior to it. Horace Greeley, editor of the nationally distributed New York Tribune, popularized the slogan beginning with an 1865 editorial. Enlistment records and muster rolls, from 1866 to 1912 were in many instances filed by state, some records were broken down by company or military post providing information such as when, where, and by whom the scout was enlisted; period of enlistment; place of birth; age at time of enlistment; physical description; and possibly additional remarks such as discharge information, including date and place of discharge, rank at the time, and if the scout died in service. Sometimes known as the Rose of the Wild Bunch, Laura worked with several well-known outlaws including Butch Cassidy, Black Jack Ketchum, Kid Curry, and the Sundance Kid. Related read: 9 Fascinating Facts About Cherokee Bill, Ruthless Outlaw. These rifles were eventually replaced by more technically superior models, with many of the outdated weapons going to Europe to fight in the Franco-Prussian War. Several books, movies, and TV productions have been based on Reeves life and work. Gold Award Girl Scouts are rock stars, role models, and real-life heroes. [2] They are also the only recorded 19th-century incident in which Indian scouts turned against the U.S. Army at Cibicue Creek in Arizona Territory. It was as much as I could do to stagger under him, for he couldnt help himself a bit. Born in Kentucky in 1842, he came to Kansas when only a boy of sixteen, by way of an emigrant train bound for California. Prior to the act in 1866 these scouts were considered employees rather than soldiers. During their trip, the baronet gave Bridger a copy of the adventures of Baron Munchausen to read. Legends of the Old West sorted by Popular Name Annie Oakley Birth Name: Phoebe Ann Oakley Moses Sharpshooter and exhibition shooter; starred in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show Born: 1860, August 13 Died: 1926, November 3 Age: 66 y 6 m 3 d Cause of death: pernicious anemia Arkansas Tom Jones Birth Name: Roy Daugherty To such as these the scouts and guides of the frontier every prairie traveler, every incoming settler, every officer riding at the head of his troop and seeking the savage foe owed gratitude. On the morning of January 19, 1847, insurrectionists opposed to American rule began a revolt in Don Fernando de Taos (present-day Taos, New Mexico). He then joined Lieutenant Colonel Custer. He was a sheriff, deputy marshal, and city marshal in a number of cities, including Dodge City, Kansas. Related read: 8 Reasons Why Black Bart Was a One-Of-A-Kind Old West Outlaw. He was involved in a number of train robberies as well as other illegal actions. Need To Book Cleaning Service? Such were Uncle John Smith, Kit Carson, Jim Bridger, James P. Beckwourth, Uncle Dick Wootton, Jim Baker, Lucian B. Maxwell, Old Bill Williams, Tom Tobin, and James Hobbs, among the old-timers; and W. F. Cody, Bill Hickok, California Joe, Dick Cherry, and Amos Chapman, of a later generation. Source: Wikimedia Commons Anybody familiar with 1950s Westerns would be familiar with the Colt Single Action Army Revolver, A.K.A. The 1873 Winchester was even more popular, and the company marketed the firearm as the hyperbolic Gun that won the West.. Thats Old John Smith. On another occasion, discovered by a friend sitting on a dry-goods box in one of St. Louisnarrow streets, the old frontiersman thus relieved his feelings: Ive been settin in this infernal canyon ever since mornin, waitin fer someone to come along an invite me to take a drink. The ensuing gunfight became one of Americas most legendary shootouts. He was a member of the Wyoming legislature before becoming a mining inspector. One reason for the flip was that there were several law enforcement agencies overlapping their authority. Heres Whats Accurate (and Not). the Peacemaker. His father was an ardent abolitionist, and their home may have . System Requirements for Adobe Premiere Pro 2023. It was in Fort Sumner that he first encountered his nemesis, Billy the Kid. famous scouts of the old west. Thomas passed away in 1912, at the age of 61. Thomas was involved in a number of high-profile cases, including the capture of the infamous Rufus Buck Gang and the apprehension of outlaw Bill Doolin. Dunlay, Thomas W. Wolves for the blue soldiers: Indian scouts and auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. A former land surveyor, soldier, and Texas Ranger, John Coffee Hays, nicknamed Captain Jack, earned a reputation as a tough and rugged lawman. Virgil died at the age of 62 in 1905. With the availability of army clothing some Native scouts took advantage of the availability of the clothing. He was known as a gunfighter and gambler who fought in the Civil War and was a scout for Custer's Cavalry. As Garrett was transporting Billy and his gang back via train, they were set upon by an angry mob determined to get vengeance on the criminals. These stats are appropriate for a cinematic campaign, or for an occasional walk-on part in a realistic campaign. He befriended Wyatt Earp, the famous gambler and lawman, in Texas. Neil Armstrong - astronaut, first man on moon, from . According to the National Park Service, because of the way the rifle was loaded, soldiers would find that bullets would jam halfway up the barrel, often resulting in blow-ups of the weapon. The Old West wouldnt be the Old West without guns. Amos Chapman was 15 years old and in Government employ as a scout on the Plains. Farrell himself worked as a scout and West Coast crosschecker for the Cubs before taking over the scouting director role with Toronto in January 2020. Having married a Snake Indian and passed much of his life in the company of Indians, he imbibed many of their superstitions and habits. Plante, Trevor. This weapon was nicknamed the poison slinger or big fifty; admittedly, there is some controversy among gun enthusiasts as to what the exact size of this caliber was. Three of the scouts were court-martialed and executed. sublease apartment charlotte, nc; small plate restaurants las vegas Tom Smith, sometimes known as Bear River Smith, was an Old West lawman and gunfighter. 28 issued on March 9, 1891 reduced the number of scouts to 150, down from 275 authorized in 1889, distributed among the different departments. AMUSEMENTS. [9], The end of hostilities on the frontier meant a reduction in the number of the Indian scouts needed. The American west featured all sorts of people from pioneers and scouts to lawmen, outlaws, gangs and gunfighters (gunslingers), to the American cowboy, and legendary pioneering women on the frontier. She won three gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals, in those four different events. In 1876 a description of Crow Scouts reads that they wore, "an old black army hat with top cut out and sides bound round with feathers, fur and scarlet cloth". By the time I had got twenty or thirty yards, about fifteen Indians came for me at full speed of their ponies.'. He worked as a cowboy and miner in Alaska after his release. This gave a decisive advantage to the U.S. army over Plains tribes such as Sioux. This gun was used extensively in Missouri during civil unrest prior to the Civil War. Smith went into business and politics after quitting police enforcement. While no single weapon ever truly "won the West," these 10 firearms left a lasting impression on the West's trajectory and history. Thomas worked as a businessman and politician after quitting police enforcement. On June 10, 1888, Bat Masterson, Luke Short, Wyatt Earp, and several of the other gunfighters, posed for a photograph outside the Long Branch Saloon that was cleverly titled, "The Dodge City Peace Commission." Related read: 22 Must-See Modern Western Movies from the Last 22 Years 8. George Custer had access to Gatling guns, but declined to bring them to the Little Big Horn since they were so cumbersome. Jesse Woodson James was an American outlaw, bank and train robber, guerrilla, and leader of the James-Younger Gang. He was full of caution but showed a coolness in the moment of supreme danger that was good to witness.. James "Wild Bill" Hickok. "[11], The official website of the Navy lists the American Indian Medal of Honor recipients, including twelve from the 19th century. The Peacemaker is the most well-known revolver from the Old West. He was also an accomplished gambler, spending most of his time playing poker and running gambling establishments. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army. You'll find history, lore and biographies of the lives and times of those who populated the Wild West. The stories told of his prowess in a fight are numberless, and his friend General Marcy of the United States Army made the old fellow famous in the pages of his books on border life. Joseph A. Williams is an author, historian, and librarian based in Connecticut. BSA 100 - Origins Scouting and Masonry. . It was an era of cowboys, Indians, pioneers, outlaws and gunslingers brought together by the purposes of expansion, defense, greed and reinvention. Bass Reeves was an Old West lawman most remembered for his work as a Deputy United States Marshal in Indian Territory, which is now Oklahoma. Bents Fort was his rendezvous for several years, where he was a great favorite, not only because of his prowess in the field but because of his fund of anecdotes about the campfire. With the availability of army clothing some Native scouts took advantage of the availability of . Immortalized in a number of films, songs, folklore, and even video games, the American Wild West has become famous for its cowboys, gunslingers, and outlaws. Cody began his career on the Plains as a mere boy on a caravan trip to Santa Fe, became teamster on a bull train, driver on the Overland, and Pony Express rider before he was of age. In the 20th century, five American Indians have been among those soldiers to be distinguished by receiving the United States' highest military honor: This honor is given for military heroism "above and beyond the call of duty", exhibiting extraordinary bravery, and for some, making the ultimate sacrifice for their country.[12]. The Boy Scout movement was founded in Great Britain in 1908 by a cavalry officer, Lieutenant General Robert S.S. (later Lord) Baden-Powell, who had written a book called Scouting for Boys (1908) but who was better known as the defender of the town of Mafeking in the South African (or Boer) War. Born. Adventures and Tragedies on the Overland Trail, Beginning of Settlement in the American West, Struggle For Possession of the West The First Emigrants, Byways & Historic Trails Great Drives in America, Soldiers and Officers in American History, Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas Declaring Independence, Stanley, Ks Extinct but Still Here (LOK), Black Bob Reservation in Johnson County (LOK). Though the most notorious outlaws of the Wild West were considered enemies of the state, today they are often spoken of as heroes and trailblazers. Today, there are 1.8 million Girl Scouts across the country who have all promised, according to Girl Scout Law, to be "honest and fair, friendly and helpful, considerate and caring, courageous and strong, and responsible for what [they] say and do.". By using everything they've learned as a Girl Scout to help fix a problem in their community or make a lasting change in their world. famous scouts of the old west. Taboni was just 30 years old when he directed his first Draft, which featured 2020's biggest surprise (second baseman Nick Yorke) and some bonus pool shuffling to fit in . Early in the morning, after a hard nights ride, they were suddenly attacked near the Washita River by a band of over a hundred Kiowa and Comanche warriors. The Gatling gun was one of the most unused weapons of the Old West, but perhaps one of the most important. These handsome cap-and-ball six-guns were among the most popular in the Old West. Jack McCall, a local wanderer who thought Hickok murdered his brother, shot him in the back of the head. In 1879, Tombstone had an outlaw problem. THEATRE ROYAL. It fell on his tent and crushed him. The Earp brothers earned a place in history as dedicated lawmen of the Old West, yet they often appeared to cross the line and find themselves on the wrong side of the law. However, Sharps company (he had died two years before) designed a rifle in 1874 that became an emblem of the Old West. Some men behind the badge started out as devoted public servants committed to keeping law and order, but made questionable choices that landed them on the wrong side of the law. While this wasnt the first revolver by any stretch of the imagination, its manufacture in 1873 marked a watershed moment in firearms development. Before becoming a politician, Tilghman worked as a buffalo hunter, soldier, and lawman. He was for years a prisoner among the Indians, a soldier in the war with Mexico, an officer in the revolt against Maximilian, and an Indian fighter, miner, trapper, trader, and Government scout. Scouts were also able to discern whether females rode with a group based on the position of a horse's urine within its tracks - women sometimes often rode mares while men rode stallions. Following the shootout, the Earp brothers embarked on a vendetta to get revenge on the outlaws. Old Bill Williams, the guide who led Fremont astray on his last expedition, was a unique character. One of the most notable U.S. Army Indian Scouts was Curley, a member of the Crow tribe who became a scout in April 1876 under Colonel John Gibbon. He was a mulatto of medium height, but great muscular power, and no man in mountains or on Plains ever led a more adventurous life. Here are some of the more well-known Old West sheriffs and the stories that made them famous. According to the Smithsonian, the Colt Navy was the most popular percussion gun at that time. Related read: 7 Reasons Why Seth Bullock was one of the Last True Westerners. Thomas is best recognized for his service as a United States Deputy Marshal in Indian Territory, which is now Oklahoma. The content as it appears here has been edited for clarity and ease for the modern reader. Masterson worked as a journalist after leaving police enforcement and became a well-known writer and editor. This design led to frequent jamming, with many anecdotes of it becoming useless in a fight. Although history remembers Pat Garrett as the sheriff who shot and killed the famous outlaw, Billy the Kid, Garrett was, according to many historians, one of the greatest sheriffs of the Old West. Later, he dabbled in politics, resumed his land surveying career, and earned a fortune in real estate, all while wrangling outlaws and enforcing the law. Some individual may have served at different times as a hired scout and an enlisted scout. Garrett and a small posse of men tracked him down and, in an event that continues to be debated today, gunned down Billy the Kid, who was hiding out in the bedroom of his sweethearts house. Numerous law enforcement officers were subjected to violence, danger, and even death in their efforts to protect their communities and uphold the law. He was also recognized for having long, flowing hair and a mustache. In a single action firearm, the user manually pulls back the hammer of the gun and then fires it with the trigger. Gary L. Ackerman - U.S. Representative from NY. 7 Facts about Johnny Ringo You Wont Learn from Movies, 8 Murderous Facts about John Wesley Hardin. In one case when placed on the deck of a steamer on a river expedition a witness commented, This was a beautiful arm and, when placed in position on the boiler deck of the boat, was enough to strike terror to the hearts of any Indians we might run against, as being bad medicine for them.. [5], In the Indian wars following the U.S. Civil War, the Indian Scouts were a fast-moving, aggressive, and knowledgeable asset to the U.S. Army. Researching U.S. Army Indian Scouts, 18661914 . Wayne Brazel, a local rancher enraged over a land dispute, shot him. Explore some of the legends of the Old West. Conestoga wagons were important, The Wild West is a more nebulous term than you may think, so when the era ended is, 8 Reasons Why Black Bart Was a One-Of-A-Kind Old West Outlaw, 22 Must-See Modern Western Movies from the Last 22 Years, Im Your Huckleberry: the Real Meaning of Doc Hollidays Famous Line, 7 Reasons Why Seth Bullock was one of the Last True Westerners, 10 Wild West Facts of Everyday Life on the Frontier, 7 Strange but True Stories of the Old West, Taos Lightning: The Old West Whiskey That Made Hair Fall Off the Chihuahua, Bowie Knives: Getting to the Point of the Old Wests Most Famous Blade, The Origins of Scalping: A True and Surprising History, Lost Treasure in California: True Stories of the Golden States Hidden Riches, Guns of the Old West: An Illustrated History, The Peacemaker and Its Rivals: An Account of the Single Action Colt. According to some stories, Holliday saved Earps life, which started their friendship. Garrett and his small band of men held off the mob, keeping his word to protect Billy the Kid. Christian Sharps was not the biggest manufacturer of weapons in the Old West. So far as known, he was never again east of the Missouri River. In fact, Colt still produces the firearm due to continued demand from collectors. In 1838, Reeves was born into slavery in Arkansas and later fled to Indian Territory, where he became a cowboy and lawman. Butch's old west hideout - Hole in the Wall Hole in the Wall is located in Wyoming, and is one of those mythical wild west locals, like Tombstone, Dodge City, and Deadwood that are inseparable with the Old West. Related read: Im Your Huckleberry: the Real Meaning of Doc Hollidays Famous Line. Source: Randall Parrish, Frontier Scouts and Guides (1907) Famous Scouts Honest Jim Baker James P. Beckwourth Jim Bridger Kit Carson Amos Chapman Dick Cherry Buffalo Bill Cody Wild Bill Hickok James Hobbs Lucian B. Maxwell Moses "California Joe" Milner John Smith Tom Tobin Old Bill Williams Dick Wootton He was born John Henry Holliday in 1851 in Griffin, Georgia, a town about 35 miles south of Atlanta. Including those who accompanied General John J. Pershing in 1916 on his expedition to Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa. 10. He was born in Missouri in 1849 and spent his childhood in Texas. Pat Garrett was an Old West lawman, cowboy, and buffalo hunter. His dual roles as a lawman and an outlaw made him an intriguing and complex figure in American history. As described by the Clarke Museum, in the 1850s, Wells Fargo stagecoaches carried mail, passengers, money, and gold from Missouri to California, making them plump targets for desperadoes. Shortly thereafter he started performing in shows that displayed cowboy themes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars. He drank heavily and wasted the money won by his successful trapping when off duty. Colonists recruited Indian allies during such instances as the Pequot War from 16341638, the Revolutionary War, as well as in War of 1812. Curley is most often identified as the lone survivor of "Custer's Last Stand". Over 60,000 guns were produced, with a large amount going to Russia and the Japanese Navy. Parkman wrote: He is a ruffian of the worst class; bloody and treacherous, without honor or honesty; such, at least, is the character he bears on the Great Plains. In 1876, Sharp adopted Old Reliable as a trademark. Under the average stature and rather delicate-looking in his physical proportions, he was, nevertheless, a quick, wiry man with nerves of steel and possessing an indomitable will. James Butler Hickok lived a fast, violent life. Indians finally killed him. The last detachment of Indian Scouts served at Fort Huachuca, Arizona in 1942. Related read: 10 Wild West Facts of Everyday Life on the Frontier. To be a cowboy, first learn to ride a horse. An enduring image of the Old West is that of a lonely stagecoach trundling over the prairie with a surly looking driver clutching a large double barrel shotgun to guard the coachs strongbox. As a result, the company sent armed guards armed with these messenger guns. Gore had with him fifty helpers, including secretaries, stewards, cooks, fly-makers, dog-tenders, and personal servants. Thus passed away the most famous frontiersman of the Great Plains. These are among the (nonfiction only, please!) While no single weapon ever truly won the West, these 10 firearms left a lasting impression on the Wests trajectory and history. The gunfight became famous as a symbol of the lawlessness and violence of the American West, and Earp became a legend for his boldness and skill as a gunslinger. [14] In 1942 the insignia was authorized to be worn by the 1st Special Service Force. No man of his time knew the northern Plains or the mountains beyond so thoroughly as he, and it was his eyes that first looked out upon the Great Salt Lake in the Winter of 1824-25. The GPX route starts at Grasshopper Junction, the intersection of US93 and County Highway 125, right by the big Chloride Sign. As early as 1863, he was employed as a guide and scout for an expedition against the Kiowa and Comanche and later carried dispatches straight through the hostile Indian country between Forts Lyon and Larned. list of hotels housing asylum seekers in scotland. He is known today as one of the Old Wests most mythical individuals. 1851 Colt Navy Revolver The six-round .36 caliber 1851 Colt Navy Revolver. Tilghman entered politics after leaving law enforcement and served as an Oklahoma state senator. The role of Native American women in the U.S. Army is being slowly filled by the efforts of such groups as The Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation. This six-shooter also became the weapon of choice for those living on the frontier. His legend began to spread when he was only 23. Related Reading: 200+ Powerful Slogans about Freedom and Loving America. Army General Order No. Bill, you cant fool me! Uneducated by the schools and ignorant of all social conventionalities, he possessed a heart overflowing with the milk of human kindness and was generous, honest, and loyal to his friends. He is regarded today as a contentious figure in the history of the Old West. Smith was noted for his bravery and ability to deal with perilous situations. The gun was also not particularly powerful and did not necessarily knock somebody out of a battle with one shot. These men have won fame that will endure in the history of the Plains. Early in his life, he traveled to Dodge City, Kansas. Virgil Earp, Wyatt Earp, and Morgan Earp were lawmen brothers who upheld the law in Wichita, Kansas, Dodge City, Kansas, and parts of Texas, and into Arizona. [4] Indian scouts who were officially enlisted in the army after 1866 were issued old pattern uniforms from surplus stock legally exempt from sale. He retired at the age of 68 in 1907 and died two years later. US Army Frontier Scouts 1840-1921. The messenger gun had the virtue of being loaded with buckshot, so it did not require good aim to use. In 1875, at age 10, wide-eyed Zietz met Col. William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody and by age 12 was a full-fledged member of his hard-riding, straight-shooting band of scouts. So iconic is the Colt Single Action army that one given to President Theodore Roosevelt as a birthday present fetched $1,466,250 at auction to an anonymous buyer. At his trial, Doc Holliday claimed self-defense and was acquitted. The town was not prepared for the sudden influx of newcomers. Made in various calibers, notably the .45, some 192,000 units of the Peacemaker were produced over the course of its history. Here are 10 of the most famous and notorious of these outlaws of the Wild West. junho 30, 2022 . He even told Billy he would return the guns to Billy and his men if the vigilantes made their way into the railcar. Never approach a horse from a rear side. He also took part in other legendary shootouts, such as the Battle of Ingalls and the Gunfight at the Kendall Tavern. According to the Frontier American Illustrated News, this firearm was created by William Mason and the first of its kind. His earliest encounter with Indians occurred at the crossing of Pawnee Fork, and later, he had another tough fight on the same spot. He was born in Illinois in 1837 and grew up in a farming family. Courtesy Juliette Gordon Low,. Mr Beaumont Smirii's clever company repeated its performance of "Seven I.ittlo Australians" at tlio Theatre Royal last evening with much success, th They were led by Pablo Montoya, a Mexican, and Toms Romero, a Pueblo also known as "Tomasito" (Little Tomas).

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