which of the following describes situational communication competence

What are the situational monitoring issues? Retrieved from: http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/home-language-english-language-learners-most-valuable-resource In general, people who have or feel they have more social power in a situation typically engage in more touching behaviors with those with less social power. To better understand this definition, lets break apart its components. Communication departments are typically the only departments that address communication apprehension explicitly, which is important as CA is related to negative academic consequences such as negative attitudes toward school, lower over-all classroom achievement, lower final course grades, and higher college attrition rates (Allen, Hunter, & Donohue, 2009). What can he say or do to advocate for the students while at the same time maintaining a good working relationship with Mrs. Holton? (Eds.) Becoming more mindful of your communication and the communication of others can contribute to your communication competence. Mirroring sends implicit messages to others that say, Look! People have idiosyncratic nonverbal behaviors, which create an individual context that varies with each person. Think of a time when you overspent this month and you are talking with your significant other about how we will pay bills this month. Chapter 5: Listening . Logically, early humans who were more successful at mirroring were more likely to secure food, shelter, and security and therefore passed that genetic disposition on down the line to us. Click the card to flip . . While these actions could indicate such interest, they could also be idiosyncratic. In addition, many of the suggestions in the section on encoding competence can be adapted usefully to decoding. An impression or judgment that a person is intercultural competent is made with respect to both a specific relational context and a particular situational context. In terms of physiology, age, maturity, and ability to communicate affect competence. The student scratches his head and says, What do you mean? Mirroring is largely innate and subconscious, but we can more consciously use it and a variety of other nonverbal signals, like the immediacy behaviors we discussed earlier, to help create social bonds and mutual liking. Describe situational monitoring techniques. Receptive language refers to the information someone receives through listening or reading activities. These attempts to better . Hargie, O., Skilled Interpersonal Interaction: Research, Theory, and Practice (London: Routledge, 2011), 9. We will learn more specifics about nonverbal communication in relational, professional, and cultural contexts in Section 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, but we can also gain insight into how to interpret nonverbal cues through personal contexts. Why do I have to worry about English language development standards anyway? moaned Rudi to himself. Select the most appropriate and effective medium for communicating. 1 / 26. The increasingly homogeneous mass culture of the postwar years b. Situational Theory of Leadership - Verywell Mind Competence is not independent of the relationships and situations within which communication occurs. There is no one tell that gives away when someone is lying. Compare the two. Some highly experienced deceivers, however, can control the presence of adaptors (Andersen, 1999). Consider the status and power dynamics involved in a touch. There are common misconceptions about what behaviors are associated with deception. But you have to be prepared to put in the time to improve; for example, it takes effort to become a better listener or to give better feedback. In modern times, communication scholars and teachers have worked hard to understand and describe what it means to be a competent communicator. In Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education (pp. Kern (2000) developed a broad conceptual framework for understanding language proficiency that includes three dimensions of academic literacy: linguistic, cognitive, and sociocultural. So, to get started on your road to competence, I am proposing that you do two things. As your nonverbal encoding competence increases, you can strategically manipulate your behaviors. In general, people who are more expressive are better deceivers and people who are typically anxious are not good liars. What are your strengths as a communicator? McKay, M., Martha Davis, and Patrick Fanning, Messages: Communication Skills Book, 2nd ed. Our tendency to assume that people are telling us the truth can also lead to negative results. The following guidelines may help you more effectively encode nonverbal messages sent using your hands, arms, body, and face. My cousin will stay in the hospital for a few days. Of course, as nonverbal cues are layered on, they may contradict other signals, in which case we can turn to context clues to aid our interpretation. Avoid moving people out of the way with only touchpair your touch with a verbal message like excuse me.. If you attended a gathering at the home of a bilingual family, you might only use English while you were there. Cooley, R. E., and Deborah A. Roach, A Conceptual Framework, in Competence in Communication: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. Young ESL students enjoy finding out how much English they are learning by counting the words they understand before and after the book is read in the L1 and discussed in the L2. Polygraph machines, or lie detectors, work on the principle that the presence of signs of arousal is a reliable indicator of deception in situations where other factors that would also evoke such signals are absent. Native languages, cultures, and life experiences are resources to be tapped and provide a solid foundation for learning language and content. Increasing our awareness of the multiple channels through which we send nonverbal cues can help us make our signals more congruent in the moment. Research also shows that people get better at lying as they get older, because they learn more about the intricacies of communication signals and they also get more time to practice (Andersen, 1999). Intercultural communication competence (ICC) is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts. . Various communication behaviors can signal that we are communicating mindfully. And then there is grandpa, watching a Bollywood movie in Urdu that includes regional variants such as Gujarati and Punjabi (p. 10). Everyone reading this book already has some experience with and knowledge about communication. Discuss strategies for developing communication competence. In terms of psychology, a persons mood, stress level, personality, and level of communication apprehension (level of anxiety regarding communication) affect competence (Cooley & Roach, 1984). People often decode personality traits from a persons vocal quality. b. receptive accuracy whereby you can detect, decode, and comprehend signals in your social environment. can produce clear, smoothly flowing, well-structured texts of differing lengths and degrees of linguistic complexity. (1997). These forms include expressing meaning through drawing, symbols, and/or text. Getting integrated: As was indicated earlier, research shows that instruction in nonverbal communication can lead people to make gains in their nonverbal communication competence. The third part of the definition we will unpack is ability to adapt to various contexts. Our cognitive activity increases when we have to decide whether to engage in deception or not, which often involves some internal debate. Communication apprehension (CA) refers to fear or anxiety experienced by a person due to real or imagined communication with another person or persons. True False b. Vertical integration is one of the key elements of corporate strategy. All rights reserved. As students learn a second, third, or fourth language, they move along a continuum of predictable stages. Recognize how ones own uniqueness, including experience level, expertise, culture, power, and hierarchy within the healthcare team, contributes to effective communication, conflict resolution, and positive interprofessional working relationships (University of Toronto, 2008). Public speaking anxiety is a form of CA that more specifically focuses on anxiety about giving a public presentation. initially have limited or no understanding of English. 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence Furthermore, 70 percent of college students experience some trait CA, which means that addressing communication anxiety in a class like the one youre taking now stands to benefit the majority of students (Priem & Solomon, 2009). I dont know whats the problem; its something with his heart. In short, lying isnt easy, as it requires us to go against social norms and deviate from our comfortable and familiar communication scripts that we rely on for so much of our interaction. Language proficiency can be defined as the ability to use language accurately and appropriately in its oral and written forms in a variety of settings (Cloud, Genesee, & Hamayan, 2000). How can I possibly teach all of this? Multiple Choice Quiz - Oxford University Press Figure 2.3 Acquisition of English features Using concepts from this section, analyze your own nonverbal encoding competence. One way for students to obtain sufficient amounts of written input is through pleasure reading, whether in L1 or L2. may not understand texts in which the concepts are presented in isolation and without contextualized support, the sentence structure is complex, or the vocabulary is abstract or has multiple meanings. What can you do to start improving your communication competence? begin to imitate the verbalizations of others by using single words or simple phrases. The matrix in Figure 2.1 depicts the four language domains. Watch this video, which is a fun way to understand the problems with communication: Learn English Click on this link to learn about the TeamSTEPPS communication pillar: TeamSTEPPS Communication Pillar Presentation. One way to progress toward communication competence is to become a more mindful communicator. As you read the scenario below, think about English language learners (ELLs) you may know. a. involves choosing inappropriate behavior. Being nonverbally expressive during initial interactions usually leads to more favorable impressions. The Department of Defense and the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) developed a program to help create high performing teams. Were all imperfect and fallible, and if we expect to be perfect communicators after studying this, then were setting ourselves up for failure. Translanguaging with multilingual students. To improve your competence encoding nonverbal messages, increase your awareness of the messages you are sending and receiving and the contexts in which your communication is taking place. As early as the 1970s, Dell Hymes (1972) put forward a notion of linguistic competence to mean more than mastery of formal linguistic systems. Our nonverbal communication works to create an unspoken and subconscious cooperation, as people move and behave in similar ways. Although these four domains are interrelated, they can develop at different rates and independently of one another. Additionally, once the initial effort is put into improving your nonverbal encoding and decoding skills and those new skills are put into practice, people are encouraged by the positive reactions from others. If you start these things now you will be primed to take on more communication challenges that will be presented throughout this book. In terms of seated posture, leaning back is usually decoded as a sign of informality and indifference, straddling a chair as a sign of dominance (but also some insecurity because the person is protecting the vulnerable front part of his or her body), and leaning forward as a signal of interest and attentiveness. Many names are available with audio files by native speakers. Think of specific examples. The counterculture's rejection of the social and economic values of their parent's generation c. The persistence of poverty as a national problem despite an overall affluence d. The baby boom. This module uses many of the educational materials provided by AHRQ. The following statements are about vertical integration. Language proficiency is multidimensional and entails linguistic, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. A date? For example, a posture may be combined with a touch or eye behavior to create what is called a nonverbal cluster (Pease & Pease, 2004). Since this book focuses on communication in the real world, strategies for developing communication competence are not only limited to this section. A Getting Competent feature box is included in each chapter, specifically to help you develop communication competence. Studies have found that actors, politicians, lawyers, and salespeople are also better liars, because they are generally higher self-monitors and have learned how to suppress internal feelings and monitor their external behaviors. During my years as a restaurant server I got pretty good at knowing what tables to engage with and schmooze a little more to get a better tip. Which, if any, of the nonverbal cues discussed do you think help you deceive others or give you away? When you reach the stage of unconscious competence, you just communicate successfully without straining to be competent. . Do a communication self-assessment. Smiles can also help to disarm a potentially hostile person or deescalate conflict. Here are suggested problems: Watch this video, which is a fun way to understand what is situational monitoring. Recognize when it is appropriate to communicate. This states that for you to become a competent communicator, you must continue to learn or develop your communication skills. 4.4 Nonverbal Communication in Context. Which active listening technique involves asking questions to get a more concise explanation? Which of the following is the best definition of communication? the ability to use and adapt that knowledge to various communication contexts. Being a higher self-monitor can help you catch nonverbal signals that might signal that you arent listening, at which point you could consciously switch to more active listening signals. Ernst-Slavit, G., & Mulhern, M. (2003, September/October). As weve learned, people also tend to give more weight to nonverbal than verbal cues when evaluating the truthfulness of a person or her or his message. However, when Dad speaks to the children he does so in Urdu. Which of the following is NOT a method of nonverbal communication? People can develop cognitive competence by observing and evaluating the actions of others. Educational reform, mathematics, and diverse learners: Meeting the needs of all students. Although those guides may contain many valid rules of nonverbal communication, those rules are always relative to the individual, social, and cultural contexts in which an interaction takes place. Residents of the farming county insist that the construction of a large airport will not ______ with the ______ life they are determined to preserve. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. For example, if you visit an Indian family (from southeast Asia), you might find grandma busy in the kitchen pulling pans out of the oven and reading recipes in Hindi while the kids are playing video games in English. It's also called communication competence, and it's the key to social acceptance. Pride, & J. Holmes (Eds. None of these have consistently been associated with deception (Andersen, 1999). Nonverbal rulebooks arent effective because they typically view a nonverbal signal in isolation, similar to how dictionaries separately list denotative definitions of words. Conversely, people who have interpersonal trust issues and people in occupations like law enforcement may also have a lie bias, meaning they assume people are lying to them more often than not (Andersen, 1999). The science of behavioral ethics offers interesting insights into why even well-intended individuals fall short of our intentions to act ethically. 476 ch. 5 Flashcards | Quizlet What are your strengths and weaknesses? For example, the following exchange between a principal and her middle school Honduran student includes appropriate grammatical features but much more information than needed: While Antonios grammatical constructions are acceptable, in U.S. settings this may not be the response expected by a principal or teacher because it contains much more information than needed. Identify good and poorcommunication and situational monitoring techniques. Competent and Incompetent Communication For as long as human beings have been communicating, they have tried to figure out how to communicate well, that is, with competence. Dress professionally to enhance confidence. Secondary education: Teaching in the bilingual situation. Rudi Heinz has learned that his sixth-grade ELL student, Faridah, scored at a Level 2 on the states English language proficiency (ELP) exam. My favorite way to increase my knowledge about nonverbal communication is to engage in people watching. The common thread connecting all of these behaviors and situations is. Chronemics. What can a health care worker do to ensure that a patient understands medical information? Be aware of discrepancies between facial expressions and other nonverbal gestures and verbal communication. A sideways glance, which entails keeping the head and face pointed straight ahead while focusing the eyes to the left or right, has multiple contradictory meanings ranging from interest, to uncertainty, to hostility. Understanding Communicative Competence - ThoughtCo Scenario PreK12 English language proficiency standards. Since communication and speaking are a necessary part of life, identify some strategies you can use to manage those anxieties. Studies also show that an increase in verbal pitch is associated with deception and is likely caused by heightened arousal and tension. On the other hand, although there are numerous rules and norms associated with nonverbal communication, we rarely receive explicit instruction on how to do it. It allows for instant feedback, clarity, and understanding. E) nonverbal forms of communication. The first part of the definition we will unpack deals with knowledge. The longer you stand like that, the more frustrated and defensive you will become, because that nonverbal cluster reinforces and heightens your feelings. . Channel your nervousness into positive energy and motivation. When combined with a furrowed brow it generally conveys uncertainty. However, this is not the same thing as chronic suspicion, which would not indicate communication competence. 4.3 Nonverbal Communication Competence. Family members can be actively involved in the education of L2 students, even if their English skills are limited, when books in L1 are available. These four domains can be classified as receptive or productive skills and as oral or written. A person wouldnt likely perform all those signals simultaneously. Active listening, for example, combines good cognitive listening practices with outwardly visible cues that signal to others that we are listening. Student-produced texts may include unconventional features such as . Since looking away also signals cognitive activity, they may be processing information, and you may need to pause and ask if they need a second to think or if they need you to repeat or explain anything more. Writing. Some years later, the use of the term was expanded in the United States by Ofelia Garcia (see, for example, Garca & Wei, 2014; Garca & Kleyn, 2016) to refer to the language practices of people who speak more than one language. Personal contexts? Verbal fillers are often used subconsciously and can negatively affect your credibility and reduce the clarity of your message when speaking in more formal situations. Competence in Interpersonal Communication - Study.com You can use facial expressions to manage your expressions of emotions to intensify what youre feeling, to diminish what youre feeling, to cover up what youre feeling, to express a different emotion than youre feeling, or to simulate an emotion that youre not feeling (Metts & Planlap, 2002). Social variables such as status and power affect competence. Pike, K.L. Maybe I could pantomime or draw a picture? (Eds. This will help bring the concepts to life and also help you evaluate how communication in the real world matches up with communication concepts. In general, a persons vocal signature is a result of the physiology of his or her neck, head, and mouth.

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