non biodegradable polymers ppt

The objective of this chapter is to classification of biodegradable polymers. Someone essntially assist t make significantly articles Id state. Polymers are either synthetic or natural. Some of the negative effects that are currently occurring as a result of this plastic pollution are soil destruction, water pollution, and animal deaths due to ingesting plastic waste. They are highly toxic to the environment and contribute significantly to solid waste, which hurts human health. Nonetheless, their potential to contribute to a more sustainable future is significant. In order to achieve a controlled and prolonged release of the antiproliferative agent, current drug-eluting stents utilise various biodegradable as well as non-erodible polymeric blends to coat the stent surface and to serve as drug carriers. - Title: 1 Author: iLLuSioN Last modified by: admin Created Date: 6/14/2005 4:19:10 AM Document presentation format | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view. Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable are types of waste materials (or substances) that are categorized on the basis of their degradation.Biodegradable materials are substances that can be decomposed or broken down by microorganisms and other living organisms.Biodegradables generally include organic wastes like leftover foodstuffs, kitchen waste like fruits and vegetable peels, etc. How so? Contains HFC's. There are several biodegradable polymers, and each of them can be classified into different properties using their chemical composition, origin, and method of synthesis. - Get a sample brochure @ http://tinyurl.com/j6o8jkn Biodegradable packaging is plant-based and is harvested directly from nature. EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLOZAPINE ON BASAL AND STIMULATED MEDIAL PREFRONTAL GABA RELEASE IN TWO RAT MODELS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA. With biodegradable products, you can dump them in the land, and within a few days, they will be decomposed. Replacing conventional plastics with eco-friendly cousins is the most viable option. The products made from non-biodegradable plastic have added comfort and convenience to everyday lives. your ppt is very informative and useful. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. A recent report published by Adroit Market Research on Biodegradable Polymer Market provides in depth analysis of segments and sub-segments in us as well as regional markets of market. In the drug delivery systems the polymers are plays an important role for the delivery of the drugs. The chemical structure, sources, production and synthesis methods, physical properties (mechanical, barrier and thermal properties) and applications of most important biodegradable polymers would be discussed. They take a very long time to be completely degraded by the soil. Biodegradable Paper and Plastic Packaging Market 2019, - This study presents the Biodegradable Paper and Plastic Packaging market production, revenue, market share and growth rate for each key company, and also covers the breakdown data (production, consumption, revenue and market share) by regions, type and applications, Diy: Top 5 Hair Dyes without Side Effects (1). Maize. She devotes all of her time to the practise of aesthetic treatments, which makes her one of the greatest practitioners in the field. Despite great efforts in the past years, current purification strategies still lack specificity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The Study of Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical Industries. Answer (1 of 13): Q: "Do you have any information on non-biodegradable polymers?" Only in a most general way. Non-biodegradable polymers are those polymers which are chemically inert and hence are not able to decompose. These objects are unaffected by natural processes and cannot be disassembled or degraded after thousands of years. Laptop with Biodegradable Chassis By Kristopher Just. Biocomposites Global Market Report 2023 Market Size, Trends and Global Forecast 2023-2032. There are countless harmful effects of non-biodegradable products. Short Rotation Coppice. These materials can pollute the soil and water and endanger wildlife and the ecosystem. 4 0 obj We still have much . - Livia Manner is an excellent addition to Aesthetic Excellence. Entrapment of strands and fibers of characterized sheet or web structures utilizing mechanical, thermal, or chemical processes prompts non-woven textures. The Food Project: Study of Food Waste and Biodegradable Disposable ware. Imperial College London Learning outcomes 4A3 - Slide 41 By the end of todays lecture you should be able to: (i) discuss what biodegradability means, and why it is important in the context of polymer chemistry; (ii) list the different types of biodegradable polymers; Biodegradable waste is decomposed and degraded by microbes. Biodegradable Super Absorbent Polymers Market Size, Share & Global Forecast 2018-2025, - Global Biodegradable Super Absorbent Polymers Market Size 2017 By Product Type (Polyvinyl Alcohol, Polysaccharides, Polyitaconic acid, Polyacrylamide), By End Use (Disposable diapers, Adult incontinence products, Female Hygiene Products, Agriculture And Others), By Region And Forecast 2018 To 2025, LETIT Local New Energy Technology Implementation. Why must we use non-biodegradable materials wisely? Biodegradable polymer Examples include PHB, PGA, PLA, and PHBV. What we may not know is that our Yoga mats may not be as good for the environment. Naft Asia Biodegradable Plastics Corporation. How are synthetic Non-biodegradable polymers used in medicine? - Biodegradable waste - landfill cost 48 per tonne. P4OH. Bio-Based but not biodegradable Plastics are long polymer chains that can be molded under heat or pressure into almost any shape. Yep, its styrofoam. E-waste, also known as electronic garbage, is a significant pollutant and is becoming an alarming issue. Mechanism 2 drug release is controlled by biodegradable membrane surrounded by core containing drug . Moreover, these polymers have small chains that help them break naturally in a short time. 2. The third rate of biodegradation takes a longer time to decompose entirely in nature than the first-rate biodegradable polymers. Non-biodegradable polymers are those polymers that are cannot degraded by microorganisms. Biodegradable polymers are of three types. Such non-biodegradable bioplastics behave in the environment just like conventional plastic and persist for an unknown but long amount of time. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. Biodegradable polymers are easily degraded by microorganisms, resulting in less accumulation of waste and causing less harm and pollution to the environment such as aliphatic polyesters. With biodegradable products, you can dump them in the land, and within a few days, they will be decomposed. These polymers react to the other chemicals to create stronger bonds, which give plastics different properties such as clarity, strength, stiffness, etc. Thus, people use them daily without knowing the environmental effects behind the significant use of such products. "Biodegradable polymers are the ideal raw material, and suitable research strategies and preparation methods are powerful means to realize environment-friendly treatment of supercapacitors," said . Now, take a look at your wardrobe. Non-biodegradable Polymers are synthetic polymers that can not be broken down into smaller units by the action of microorganisms. India. 3 and 4 in relation to large aerosols, which were occasionally observed with polymer solutions. They also have industrial applications for textile finishing and corrosion prevention in metalworking fluids. Paper Restylane is a FDA-approved collection of dermal or injectable fillers made of biodegradable, non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid. A few common examples of natural polymers are silk, Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Polymers, Polymers are widely used in our daily lives today. Cereal Straw. She devotes all of her time to the practise of aesthetic treatments, which makes her one of the greatest practitioners in the field. The permeability and thickness of the polymer, the solubility and the release area of the drug determines the release kinetics of the drug form the diffusion . Some examples of biodegradable polymer applications are sustained drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, and temporary prosthetic implants. And who are the victims? of Horticulture The Pennsylvania State University. BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERSDEFINITION: The natural ability of chemical substance to be broken down into less complex compounds having fewer carbon atoms by body fluids or enzymes or microorganism. Polyesters, polyamides, and polyurethanes are a few biodegradable polymers. The chains are hydrolytically or enzymatically cleaved, which results in the degradation of the products. Unfortunately, plastic is extremely difficult to decompose. The idea that molecules could contain more than 1,000 atoms, the definition of what would eventually become plastics, was only proposed 100 years ago. They come from nature and are made from raw materials or renewable resources such as starch, cellulose, and lignin. They are often water-based. Much longer than plastic, it takes a million years to decompose one glass bottle! PGLA. Non-biodegradable waste is very harmful to the environment as it accumulates. Nylon-2 Nylon-6 is an alternating polyamide copolymer made from glycine and aminocaproic acid and is used in making bristles of toothbrushes and strings of musical instruments. It is unrealistic for the earths current condition to suffer from climate change. These packaging products offers higher reusable rate. While biodegradable products are safe for the environment due to their nature that can easily degrade in the soil, the non-degradable materials are the exact opposite. Examples: PET, PP, PE, and PS, etc. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Industry Trends, Growth, Insight, Impact of COVID-19, Company Analysis, Global Forecast 2021-2027. These solid wastes as they continue to accumulate become a serious threat to the environment and remain undecomposed for a long period. Polymers with hydrolyzable backbone degrade fast in aqueous environments. It is, without a doubt, harmful to the environment. It does not contain harmful chemicals and plastic coatings and thus are completely decomposable with the aid of microorganisms, when placed in a composting area. Biodegradable polymer in drug delivery Krutika Pardeshi 11.5k views 32 slides Smart polymers Greeshma Gn 9.3k views 9 slides Polymer science Roshni Patel 13.5k views 73 slides nanoparticles harshiniyadav1 31.9k views 32 slides POLYMERS Janhavi Zope 113.7k views 19 slides Polymers in pharmaceuticals Chayan Dhar Clinton 692 views <> partially recyclable. 6. These toxins are carcinogenic that can cause severe harm to the metabolism of living organisms after they are absorbed. Just like disposable plastic bags, plastic water bottles are also popular in the community. TBRC dermal filler market report includes hospital, cosmetic clinics, outpatient centres, beauty centres, other end-users, biodegradable, non-biodegradable. For example, use reusable shopping bags or switch to plant-based eco products, like cassava bags, if you are willing to spend more money. Teflon or tetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene which is less reactive and hence is used in cooking wares or wiring in aerospace etc. Eco-Tips: How To Dispose of Paint Thinner Safely and Responsibly, Biodegradable Clothes: The Revolution of Fashion Industry, Eco-Tips: How To Recycle Milk Cartons for The Environment, Biodegradable Loofah: The Future of Sustainable Showering, How To Recycle Wire Hangers At Home Best Practice, Harmful Effects of Non-Biodegradable Plastic Products. Maize. Skip for his direction, guidance and instruction, lending us a viscometer, and letting us use the vacuum oven and polymer characterization equipment - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 94 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 2 Provided by: cool63 Category: Get a sample brochure @ http://tinyurl.com/j6o8jkn Biodegradable packaging is plant-based and is harvested directly from nature. 2 0 obj Why Don't They Work? I would like to request a copy of your ppt, my email add: [email protected] Thank you very much in advance. According to WWF, plastic takes at least 200 years to fully degrade. Biodegradable polymers can undergo bacterial decomposition to produce CO2, water and other inorganic salts which are harmless to nature. Cereal Straw. Dar-us-salam, Aghapura, Hyderabad- 01. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. 7 are consistent with those revealed in Figs. With the increasing number of non-biodegradable waste (8 million plastics in the ocean daily), management and preventive measures have become very important. stream 7 , splashed droplets on the mask are observed only at low concentrations of the polymer solution (cf. Short Rotation Coppice. also known as biodegradable or absorbable polymers, refer to materials that can be broken down by the body's natural . It is simply because the main ingredient to make this material doesnt occur in nature. It is the simplest linear aliphatic polymer used in drug delivery, orthopaedic operations such as screws and nails etc. Estimated Wal-Mart Supply Chain Savings of Get More Information @ http://bit.ly/2s2bgxO It begins with selection of packing material and it drives choice of packing equipment to be used and final package performance, which decides wrapping success. Click here to review the details. Dept. The most durable plastic items like bottles, disposable nappies and beer holders can take 450 years to biodegrade. There are different biodegradation rates for other products. Whats more? Gene delivery vectors : ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES Company Overview. Non-biodegradable items are composed of dangerous plastics, aluminium cans and bottles, scrap metal, foam styrol, tires, paints, and various chemicals. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. - Randomised comparison of a novel, ultrathin strut biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent with a durable polymer everolimus-eluting stent for percutaneous Why reusable food packaging has a promising future. PVA hydrogels. Top View. P4OH. She has made a name for herself as one of South Florida's most well-respected Medical Aesthetic Nurse Practitioners. very low prices for raw material if glycerol water is used. - Download free PDF Sample: https://bit.ly/36s7nrQ #BiodegradableLubricants #MarketAnalysis The probable scenario is expected to grow by a xx% in 2020 and the revenue will be xx in 2020 from US$ xx million in 2019. Global Non-biodegradable Dermal Fillers Market Research Report 2020, - Get FREE Sample of this Report at https://bit.ly/3uh1Sbc, | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to download. Also, when biodegradable materials are used to create products, minimum carbon emission occurs during the composting process. endobj - BIOCOM Naft Asia Biodegradable Plastics Corporation JSP JIA SHING PLASTIC INDUSTRIES PTE. Unlike natural fibers, made from cotton and wool, synthetic fibers are made from non-biodegradable materials, such as petroleum, polyester and nylon. It is brittle and can be used to make medicines and bottles, orthopaedic devices, packing material etc. Water Supply Shutoff Civil penalty assessments. BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS - The presentation will give you idea that how can you contribute towards environment by just switching your ordinary cups to biodegradable cups. These gadgets are called Myceliotronics, named after the component of a mushroom used in their manufacturing. However, researchers have processed mushroom skin such that it can be utilized to create biodegradable electronics. xSk07StG)4IW:RX8b,lt\^'wSWW0NW\!K4zMHaP4&ps?+ G}x&$)yA;Bp MS"IW~MmXFw,qULgo0&7#H!;xN m [$\m9$'F:+# ,iQgqw The next generation of biopolymers will be synthesized from non-edible and highly available plants and also from agro-food and industrial wastes or by-products, which contribute . Water Supply Shutoff Civil penalty assessments. 1. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. LTD. Executive summary Market Research Use of Biodegradable Mulch for Vegetable Crop Production, - Use of Biodegradable Mulch for Vegetable Crop Production M. D. Orzolek Dept. New study on Food Biodegradable Packaging Market 2021 industry trends & forecast just published. Of course aquatic life. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. Biodegrading the non-biodegradable Fossil fuel-based polymers such as PET, when exposed to UV light and natural forces, break down in nature into tiny fragments called micro-plastics. 5. Biodegradable polymers are those that get degraded by microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions within a reasonable period, minimizing the environmental impact of biodegradable polymers and their degradation products. 4. These gadgets emerge as a substitute for materials that are difficult to recycle and non-biodegradable, potentially eradicating all the e-waste we make. Its properties are similar to those of PA 12, although emissions of greenhouse gases and consumption of nonrenewable resources are reduced during its production. BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS In mechanism 1 the drug is attached to polymer backbone by labile bond, shows higher reactivity to breakdown. 1 In the 19th century, the demand for ivory skyrocketed in Europe and America, driving up both price and exclusivity. Your email address will not be published. Chain polymerization of cyclic dimers of glycolic acid produces Polyglycolic acid. endobj These polymers are polyethene and polypropylene, which are made to be durable. Do not require a second surgery for removal Avoid stress shielding Offer tremendous potential as the basis for controlled drug delivery Biodegradable Polymers Carbonyl bond to Biodegradable Polymers Biodegradable Polymers Acetal:Hemiacetal: Ether Nitrile Phosphonate Polycyanocrylate Biodegradable Polymers Used for Medical Applications Natural The market size of Biodegradable Lubricants will reach xx in 2026, with a CAGR of xx% from 2020 to 2026. Or, buy used clothes instead of new ones. 0.1, 0.5 wt. Once we recognize the harm non-biodegradable products prompt on our planet, we need to find a smart solution to address these problems. A few common examples of natural polymers are silk, wool, rubber, hemp, etc and a few common examples of synthetic polymers are polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, PVB, nylon, etc. Most Asked Technical Basic CIVIL | Mechanical | CSE | EEE | ECE | IT | Chemical | Medical MBBS Jobs Online Quiz Tests for Freshers Experienced . Polymers are either synthetic or natural. Cellulose Ethers are polymeric ethers of cellulose and represent a broad class of synthetic, non-biodegradable, organic materials. The overall ratio of PET is around 17%, including the PET present in more than 70% of all fibers and textiles. More than 80% of the non-biodegradable plastic packaging is used only once, and then it is discarded. Despite saving money, such actions also help reduce plastic waste from food containers and water bottles. The term "biodegradation" means the process of some organism consuming a material as its food. On the other hand, non-biodegradable polymers are made from different polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. Polymers are widely used in our daily lives today. - Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils Dr. Suresh S. Narine Director, Alberta Bioplastics Network Professor, University of Alberta Carbon-Carbon Bonds: The heart of the - Are suitable for medical tubing, catheter bags, etc. Polymers are macromolecules consisting of repeated subunits called monomers. These are Non-biodegradable polymers and the most common use of non-biodegradable polymers is plastics. Livia Manner is an excellent addition to Aesthetic Excellence. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. of Horticulture The Pennsylvania State University, Biodegradable Polymers from Canola and Flaxseed Oils. - A recent report published by Adroit Market Research on Biodegradable Polymer Market provides in depth analysis of segments and sub-segments in us as well as regional markets of market. Teflon or tetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene which is less reactive and hence is used in cooking wares or wiring in aerospace etc. These objects are unaffected by natural processes and cannot be disassembled or degraded after thousands of years. Shop fruits and veggies from local farmers because they are often packaged in plastic if you buy them at the supermarket. It gives opportunity for treating diseases resulting from single gene and self disassembly with DNA. Evaluating Potential Biodegradable Mulches for High Tunnel and Field Vegetable Production, - Title: Evaluating Potential Biodegradable Mulches for High Tunnel and Field Vegetable Production Author: Jeremy S. Cowan Last modified by: milesc, Management of Non-Point Source Pollution CE 296B. 2 To substitute this, a semi-synthetic plastic, Parkesine, was invented in 1862. However, many polymers are highly resistant to degradation and are involved in the accumulation of polymer solid waste. The Ethics and Opportunities of Non-Traditional Partnerships. Here is our list of the 10 best eco-friendly yoga mats that will help you make that switch to non toxic yoga mats. You can read the details below. Their consumption can even prove to be fatal for a large number of species including Homo sapiens. The use of disposable plastic bags is still very high even though some countries have banned them. Herein, l-leucine (LEU)-molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs . endobj When there are a lot of monomers, the mixture is sometimes referred to as a high polymer. Glucaric Acid Market size is forecast to reach $1.30 billion by 2026, after growing at a CAGR of 8.7% during 2021-2026. They come from nature and are made from raw materials or renewable resources such as starch, cellulose, and lignin. This report also provides detailed qualitative and quantitative analyses of the market dynamics, market size and future trends in Global Biodegradable Polymers Market. Waste to energy conversion. 175 Views Download Presentation. Why Is There A Growing Need For Ethical Buying Of Eco-products. Non-biodegradable products are all kinds of materials, products, by-products, or wastes that cannot be decomposed naturally by soil microorganisms. Uploaded on Jul 23, 2014. As the use of polymers increases, the disposal of waste from these products also poses serious problems. In addition, there are 2 mechanisms of polymer release from bioerodible polymers: one approach involves surrounding the drug core with a rate-controlling bioerodible membrane, while the other involves dispersing the drug within a polymer to form a bioerodible monolithic device. Biopolymers are renewable, sustainable, biodegradable, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, non-thrombogenic, and non-carcinogenic.North America is the largest Bioresorbable Polymers market, in terms of value, closely followed by Western Europe. Advise industry, Government and academia on mechanisms to reduce Sugar Beet. However, many polymers are highly resistant to degradation and are involved in the accumulation of polymer solid, Difference between Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Polymers. If you have clothing made of synthetic fiber, it will very likely be sent to the landfill and end up in the ocean. They have high strength and density and are used mostly everywhere. Good morning sir. Sadly, the chemical and mechanical recycle processes are not the best answer to solve this issue as they are costly. What are Biodegradable Polymers made from? Read more http://blogs.rediff.com/ddenterprisers/2021/03/18/types-of-non-woven-bags-to-use-and-the-advantages-achievable/, Biodegradable Tableware Market CAGR of 5.98% between 2019 and 2025. She sees patients from all over the world, including celebrities, models, and TV personalities, in the Miami and Broward areas. Biodegradable waste - landfill cost 200 per tonne. These solid wastes as they continue to accumulate become a serious threat to the environment and remain undecomposed for a long period. Non-biodegradable. Dept. The industries began to develop a wide array of plastics from formulations in fossil fuels making them a ubiquitous component of every building assembly. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. 18nto301t - Applications of Nanotechnology_module II Lecture 6 - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Polymers are macromolecules consisting of repeated subunits called monomers. Plastics that can be broken down in the environment naturally are the answer to our pollution worries. In 2020, global consumption of biodegradable polymers made up less than a quarter of one percent (less than 0.25%) of total thermoplastics consumption. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE). In addition, be diligent in bringing food and drinks from home. Indeed, these polymers bring lots of usability with them, but with nature and its protection in mind, we need to think about the decomposable alternatives and we should not create a mess while discarding them after use. Non biodegradable waste. Synthetic Non-biodegradable polymers are widely used in the manufacture of a variety of medical devices, such as disposable supplies, implants, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering scaffolds. There are edible polymers as well. Furthermore, when a bio-based and biodegradable polymer is combined with natural llers, the resultant material was named "green composite", meaning that the . and semicrystalline polymer (Fig. Biodegradable by Nature, Green by Choice. The report on Biodegradable Polymers by Infinium Global Research analyses the Biodegradable Polymers Market over the period of 2017 to 2023. Injunctive Relief. Alendronate-loaded, Biodegradable Smart Hydrogel: A Promising Injectable Depot Formulation for Osteoporosis Noha Nafeea,*, Mariam Zewailb, Nabila Boraiea a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; bDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt Supplementary materials Figure S1: Effect of (A) Na2HPO4 . - The biodegradable polymer market is expected to be fulfilled by the virtue of regulatory framework put in place over the past decade across the world. Design of a Biodegradable Aortic Heart Valve. - Commercial trash bags and plastic drop cloths are also being shipped. Degradable scaffold PGA/P4OH. Some synthetic biodegradable polymers include polycaprolactones, poly (lactic acid) and polyhydroxy-alkanoates ("Biodegradable Polymers and Types of Biodegradable Polymers", 2017). This work presents an initial exploration of biofriendly and coral-friendly polymeric UV filter via a simple multicomponent reaction and provides insights that can guide the design of value-added functional polymers for . Non-Biodegradable waste cannot be decomposed by microbes. Some of them are synthetic-based, while some can be easily found in nature. Examples of Non-biodegradable polymers are- Polyethylene, Teflon, etc. However, we are inadvertently framing a toxic legacy of plastic waste that will play havoc with future generations for centuries to come. The arrival of the Age of Plastic in the 1950s brought about a sea change in building technology. % b) Sodium carboxy methylcellulose. Nusiance. A.P. They also have industrial applications for textile finishing and corrosion prevention in metalworking fluids. Also, the idea should get propagated among different business lines for creating a positive mindset to spend on waste management techniques. Biodegradable polymers are easily degraded by microorganisms, resulting in less accumulation of waste and causing less harm and pollution to the environment such as aliphatic polyesters. a) Acrolein. - TBRC dermal filler market report includes hospital, cosmetic clinics, outpatient centres, beauty centres, other end-users, biodegradable, non-biodegradable. heterotrophs bacteria in oxidising biodegradable organic carbon present in a discern between biodegradable and non-biodegradable carbon, consequently COD Non-Traditional Strategies Discussed and Shared in Fall 2007 Seminars 11.

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